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如何创建工具

在构建一个智能体时,你需要为其提供一个它可以使用的工具列表。除了实际调用的函数外,该工具还包含多个组成部分:

属性类型描述
namestrMust be unique within a set of tools provided to an LLM or agent.
descriptionstrDescribes what the tool does. Used as context by the LLM or agent.
args_schemapydantic.BaseModelOptional but recommended, and required if using callback handlers. It can be used to provide more information (e.g., few-shot examples) or validation for expected parameters.
return_directbooleanOnly relevant for agents. When True, after invoking the given tool, the agent will stop and return the result direcly to the user.

LangChain 支持从以下来源创建工具:

  1. 函数;
  2. LangChain 可运行对象;
  3. 通过继承 BaseTool -- 这是最灵活的方法,它提供了最大的控制度,但代价是更多的精力和代码。

通过简单的 @tool 装饰器,从函数创建工具对于大多数用例可能已足够。如果需要更多配置——例如同时指定同步和异步实现——也可以使用 StructuredTool.from_function 类方法。

在本指南中,我们将概述这些方法。

提示

如果工具的名称、描述和 JSON 模式选择得当,模型的表现会更好。

从函数创建工具

@tool 装饰器

@tool 装饰器是定义自定义工具的最简单方式。该装饰器默认使用函数名作为工具名称,但可以通过将字符串作为第一个参数传递来覆盖此行为。此外,该装饰器会使用函数的文档字符串(docstring)作为工具的说明——因此必须提供文档字符串。

from langchain_core.tools import tool


@tool
def multiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b


# Let's inspect some of the attributes associated with the tool.
print(multiply.name)
print(multiply.description)
print(multiply.args)
API 参考:工具
multiply
Multiply two numbers.
{'a': {'title': 'A', 'type': 'integer'}, 'b': {'title': 'B', 'type': 'integer'}}

或创建一个异步实现,如下所示:

from langchain_core.tools import tool


@tool
async def amultiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b
API 参考:工具

请注意,@tool支持解析注释、嵌套模式以及其他功能:

from typing import Annotated, List


@tool
def multiply_by_max(
a: Annotated[int, "scale factor"],
b: Annotated[List[int], "list of ints over which to take maximum"],
) -> int:
"""Multiply a by the maximum of b."""
return a * max(b)


print(multiply_by_max.args_schema.model_json_schema())
{'description': 'Multiply a by the maximum of b.',
'properties': {'a': {'description': 'scale factor',
'title': 'A',
'type': 'string'},
'b': {'description': 'list of ints over which to take maximum',
'items': {'type': 'integer'},
'title': 'B',
'type': 'array'}},
'required': ['a', 'b'],
'title': 'multiply_by_maxSchema',
'type': 'object'}

您还可以通过将工具名称和 JSON 参数传递给工具装饰器来自定义它们。

from pydantic import BaseModel, Field


class CalculatorInput(BaseModel):
a: int = Field(description="first number")
b: int = Field(description="second number")


@tool("multiplication-tool", args_schema=CalculatorInput, return_direct=True)
def multiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b


# Let's inspect some of the attributes associated with the tool.
print(multiply.name)
print(multiply.description)
print(multiply.args)
print(multiply.return_direct)
multiplication-tool
Multiply two numbers.
{'a': {'description': 'first number', 'title': 'A', 'type': 'integer'}, 'b': {'description': 'second number', 'title': 'B', 'type': 'integer'}}
True

文档字符串解析

@tool 可选择解析 Google 风格文档字符串,并将文档字符串组件(如参数描述)与工具架构的相关部分关联。要切换此行为,请指定 parse_docstring

@tool(parse_docstring=True)
def foo(bar: str, baz: int) -> str:
"""The foo.

Args:
bar: The bar.
baz: The baz.
"""
return bar


print(foo.args_schema.model_json_schema())
{'description': 'The foo.',
'properties': {'bar': {'description': 'The bar.',
'title': 'Bar',
'type': 'string'},
'baz': {'description': 'The baz.', 'title': 'Baz', 'type': 'integer'}},
'required': ['bar', 'baz'],
'title': 'fooSchema',
'type': 'object'}
注意

默认情况下,如果文档字符串解析不正确,@tool(parse_docstring=True) 将引发 ValueError。有关详细信息和示例,请参阅 API 参考

StructuredTool

The StructuredTool.from_function 类方法比 @tool 装饰器提供了更多的可配置性,而无需编写大量额外代码。

from langchain_core.tools import StructuredTool


def multiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b


async def amultiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b


calculator = StructuredTool.from_function(func=multiply, coroutine=amultiply)

print(calculator.invoke({"a": 2, "b": 3}))
print(await calculator.ainvoke({"a": 2, "b": 5}))
API 参考:结构化工具
6
10

要配置它:

class CalculatorInput(BaseModel):
a: int = Field(description="first number")
b: int = Field(description="second number")


def multiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b


calculator = StructuredTool.from_function(
func=multiply,
name="Calculator",
description="multiply numbers",
args_schema=CalculatorInput,
return_direct=True,
# coroutine= ... <- you can specify an async method if desired as well
)

print(calculator.invoke({"a": 2, "b": 3}))
print(calculator.name)
print(calculator.description)
print(calculator.args)
6
Calculator
multiply numbers
{'a': {'description': 'first number', 'title': 'A', 'type': 'integer'}, 'b': {'description': 'second number', 'title': 'B', 'type': 'integer'}}

从 Runnables 创建工具

LangChain 可运行对象,接受字符串或dict输入,可通过as_tool方法转换为工具,该方法允许为参数指定名称、描述和其他模式信息。

示例用法:

from langchain_core.language_models import GenericFakeChatModel
from langchain_core.output_parsers import StrOutputParser
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate

prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages(
[("human", "Hello. Please respond in the style of {answer_style}.")]
)

# Placeholder LLM
llm = GenericFakeChatModel(messages=iter(["hello matey"]))

chain = prompt | llm | StrOutputParser()

as_tool = chain.as_tool(
name="Style responder", description="Description of when to use tool."
)
as_tool.args
/var/folders/4j/2rz3865x6qg07tx43146py8h0000gn/T/ipykernel_95770/2548361071.py:14: LangChainBetaWarning: This API is in beta and may change in the future.
as_tool = chain.as_tool(
{'answer_style': {'title': 'Answer Style', 'type': 'string'}}

查看更多详细信息,请参见此指南

子类 BaseTool

您可以通过继承BaseTool来定义自定义工具。这提供了对工具定义的最大控制权,但需要编写更多代码。

from typing import Optional

from langchain_core.callbacks import (
AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun,
CallbackManagerForToolRun,
)
from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool
from langchain_core.tools.base import ArgsSchema
from pydantic import BaseModel, Field


class CalculatorInput(BaseModel):
a: int = Field(description="first number")
b: int = Field(description="second number")


# Note: It's important that every field has type hints. BaseTool is a
# Pydantic class and not having type hints can lead to unexpected behavior.
class CustomCalculatorTool(BaseTool):
name: str = "Calculator"
description: str = "useful for when you need to answer questions about math"
args_schema: Optional[ArgsSchema] = CalculatorInput
return_direct: bool = True

def _run(
self, a: int, b: int, run_manager: Optional[CallbackManagerForToolRun] = None
) -> int:
"""Use the tool."""
return a * b

async def _arun(
self,
a: int,
b: int,
run_manager: Optional[AsyncCallbackManagerForToolRun] = None,
) -> int:
"""Use the tool asynchronously."""
# If the calculation is cheap, you can just delegate to the sync implementation
# as shown below.
# If the sync calculation is expensive, you should delete the entire _arun method.
# LangChain will automatically provide a better implementation that will
# kick off the task in a thread to make sure it doesn't block other async code.
return self._run(a, b, run_manager=run_manager.get_sync())
multiply = CustomCalculatorTool()
print(multiply.name)
print(multiply.description)
print(multiply.args)
print(multiply.return_direct)

print(multiply.invoke({"a": 2, "b": 3}))
print(await multiply.ainvoke({"a": 2, "b": 3}))
Calculator
useful for when you need to answer questions about math
{'a': {'description': 'first number', 'title': 'A', 'type': 'integer'}, 'b': {'description': 'second number', 'title': 'B', 'type': 'integer'}}
True
6
6

如何创建异步工具

LangChain Tools 实现了 可运行接口 🏃

所有可运行对象都暴露了 invokeainvoke 方法(以及其他方法,如 batchabatchastream 等)。

即使您仅提供工具的 sync 实现,您仍然可以使用 ainvoke 接口,但有一些重要事项需要知晓:

  • LangChain 默认提供一个异步实现,该实现假设函数计算成本较高,因此会将执行委托给另一个线程。
  • 如果您在异步代码库中工作,您应该创建异步工具而不是同步工具,以避免因该线程而产生微小的开销。
  • 如果您需要同步和异步实现,请使用 StructuredTool.from_function 或从 BaseTool 子类化。
  • 如果同时实现了同步和异步,且同步代码运行速度很快,请覆盖默认的 LangChain 异步实现,直接调用同步代码即可。
  • 您不能且不应将同步invokeasync工具一起使用。
from langchain_core.tools import StructuredTool


def multiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b


calculator = StructuredTool.from_function(func=multiply)

print(calculator.invoke({"a": 2, "b": 3}))
print(
await calculator.ainvoke({"a": 2, "b": 5})
) # Uses default LangChain async implementation incurs small overhead
API 参考:结构化工具
6
10
from langchain_core.tools import StructuredTool


def multiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b


async def amultiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b


calculator = StructuredTool.from_function(func=multiply, coroutine=amultiply)

print(calculator.invoke({"a": 2, "b": 3}))
print(
await calculator.ainvoke({"a": 2, "b": 5})
) # Uses use provided amultiply without additional overhead
API 参考:结构化工具
6
10

您不应且无法在仅提供异步定义时使用 .invoke

@tool
async def multiply(a: int, b: int) -> int:
"""Multiply two numbers."""
return a * b


try:
multiply.invoke({"a": 2, "b": 3})
except NotImplementedError:
print("Raised not implemented error. You should not be doing this.")
Raised not implemented error. You should not be doing this.

处理工具错误

如果您在使用工具与智能体,您可能需要一种错误处理策略,以便智能体能够从错误中恢复并继续执行。

一个简单的策略是从工具内部抛出 ToolException,并使用 handle_tool_error 指定一个错误处理程序。

当指定了错误处理器时,异常将被捕获,并且错误处理器将决定从工具返回哪个输出。

您可以将 handle_tool_error 设置为 True、一个字符串值或一个函数。如果它是一个函数,该函数应接受一个 ToolException 作为参数并返回一个值。

请注意,仅将 ToolException 设为有效是不够的。您需要首先将工具的 handle_tool_error 设置为某个值,因为其默认值为 False

from langchain_core.tools import ToolException


def get_weather(city: str) -> int:
"""Get weather for the given city."""
raise ToolException(f"Error: There is no city by the name of {city}.")
API 参考:工具异常

这是一个使用默认handle_tool_error=True行为的示例。

get_weather_tool = StructuredTool.from_function(
func=get_weather,
handle_tool_error=True,
)

get_weather_tool.invoke({"city": "foobar"})
'Error: There is no city by the name of foobar.'

我们可以将 handle_tool_error 设置为一个始终返回的字符串。

get_weather_tool = StructuredTool.from_function(
func=get_weather,
handle_tool_error="There is no such city, but it's probably above 0K there!",
)

get_weather_tool.invoke({"city": "foobar"})
"There is no such city, but it's probably above 0K there!"

使用函数处理错误:

def _handle_error(error: ToolException) -> str:
return f"The following errors occurred during tool execution: `{error.args[0]}`"


get_weather_tool = StructuredTool.from_function(
func=get_weather,
handle_tool_error=_handle_error,
)

get_weather_tool.invoke({"city": "foobar"})
'The following errors occurred during tool execution: `Error: There is no city by the name of foobar.`'

返回工具执行的结果

有时,工具的执行会产生一些产物(artifacts),我们希望将其传递给链或代理中的下游组件,但不希望暴露给模型本身。例如,如果工具返回了自定义对象(如文档),我们可能希望将关于该输出的某些视图或元数据传递给模型,而不将原始输出直接传递给模型。同时,我们也可能希望在其他位置(例如下游工具中)能够访问这些完整的输出。

Tool 和 ToolMessage 接口使得区分工具输出中供模型使用的部分(即 ToolMessage.content)与供模型外部使用的部分(ToolMessage.artifact)成为可能。

需要langchain-core >= 0.2.19

此功能在 langchain-core == 0.2.19 版本中添加。请确保您的包是最新版本。

如果我们希望工具能够区分消息内容和其他工件,我们需要在定义工具时指定 response_format="content_and_artifact",并确保返回一个包含 (content, artifact) 的元组:

import random
from typing import List, Tuple

from langchain_core.tools import tool


@tool(response_format="content_and_artifact")
def generate_random_ints(min: int, max: int, size: int) -> Tuple[str, List[int]]:
"""Generate size random ints in the range [min, max]."""
array = [random.randint(min, max) for _ in range(size)]
content = f"Successfully generated array of {size} random ints in [{min}, {max}]."
return content, array
API 参考:工具

如果我们直接使用工具参数调用我们的工具,我们将只得到输出的内容部分:

generate_random_ints.invoke({"min": 0, "max": 9, "size": 10})
'Successfully generated array of 10 random ints in [0, 9].'

如果我们使用 ToolCall(由支持工具调用的模型生成的那种)来调用我们的工具,我们将得到一个 ToolMessage,其中包含由该工具生成的内容和工件:

generate_random_ints.invoke(
{
"name": "generate_random_ints",
"args": {"min": 0, "max": 9, "size": 10},
"id": "123", # required
"type": "tool_call", # required
}
)
ToolMessage(content='Successfully generated array of 10 random ints in [0, 9].', name='generate_random_ints', tool_call_id='123', artifact=[4, 8, 2, 4, 1, 0, 9, 5, 8, 1])

当我们继承 BaseTool 时,也可以执行相同的操作:

from langchain_core.tools import BaseTool


class GenerateRandomFloats(BaseTool):
name: str = "generate_random_floats"
description: str = "Generate size random floats in the range [min, max]."
response_format: str = "content_and_artifact"

ndigits: int = 2

def _run(self, min: float, max: float, size: int) -> Tuple[str, List[float]]:
range_ = max - min
array = [
round(min + (range_ * random.random()), ndigits=self.ndigits)
for _ in range(size)
]
content = f"Generated {size} floats in [{min}, {max}], rounded to {self.ndigits} decimals."
return content, array

# Optionally define an equivalent async method

# async def _arun(self, min: float, max: float, size: int) -> Tuple[str, List[float]]:
# ...
API 参考:基础工具
rand_gen = GenerateRandomFloats(ndigits=4)

rand_gen.invoke(
{
"name": "generate_random_floats",
"args": {"min": 0.1, "max": 3.3333, "size": 3},
"id": "123",
"type": "tool_call",
}
)
ToolMessage(content='Generated 3 floats in [0.1, 3.3333], rounded to 4 decimals.', name='generate_random_floats', tool_call_id='123', artifact=[1.5566, 0.5134, 2.7914])